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<p class="MsoNormal">Hi everyone,<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I have had a few questions about reduced levels of sodium (Na) and potassium (K). There are many diseases that cause either, as you will learn throughout the year. For now, know the following major causes:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Hypokalemia (low potassium)<o:p></o:p></p>
<ul style="margin-top:0in" type="disc">
<li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo5">Decreased potassium intake (diet)<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo5">Gastrointestinal losses (vomiting, diarrhea, laxative abuse)<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo5">Diuretic medications<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo5">Increased loss through heavy sweating<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo5">Low magnesium levels<o:p></o:p></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Hyponatremia (low Na)<o:p></o:p></p>
<ul style="margin-top:0in" type="disc">
<li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4">Decreased sodium intake (diet)<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4">Diuretic medications<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4">Kidney disease<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4">Increased loss through heavy sweating<o:p></o:p></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Best of luck for tomorrow. Do your best and remember that is all that you can do.<o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Best, Ian<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Ian Ward, DHSc, PA-C<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Assistant Professor<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Campbell University Physician Assistant Program<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="color:black">Mailing Address: P.O. Box 1090, Buies Creek, NC 27506<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="color:black">Physical Address: 4150 U.S. 421 S., Lillington, NC 27546<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Office Phone: 910-814-5532<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Email: <a href="mailto:iward@campbell.edu">iward@campbell.edu</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>From:</b> Ward, Ian <br>
<b>Sent:</b> Thursday, August 10, 2023 3:06 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> pa25@list.campbell.edu; Ward, Ian <iward@campbell.edu><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Notes on nutrition<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Here are a few nutrition-related facts and notes, which are not emphasized in the OnlineMedEd module. They might be helpful things to learn for next week!
<span style="font-family:"Segoe UI Emoji",sans-serif">😉</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<ul style="margin-top:0in" type="disc">
<li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3">Metabolic Syndrome is a cluster of conditions that increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. Being overweight or obese is the biggest risk factor for metabolic
syndrome. A diagnosis of metabolic syndrome is made when at least 3 of the following occur: (a) abdominal obesity, (b) triglycerides > 150 mg/dl, (c) HDL cholesterol < 40 mg/dl for men or < 50 mg/dl for women, (d) blood pressure > 130/85, and (e) fasting blood
glucose > 110 mg/dl.<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3">Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that is diagnosed when BMI < 18.5, the patient restricts energy intake relative to requirements, although underweight the patient has a fear
of gaining weight, and the patient has a disturbance in the way they perceive their own body.
<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3">Height/weight/BMI and physical activity screening should be a part of every family med visit.<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3">Know the main causes of lack of each of the B vitamins.<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3">Know the main causes for low levels of K and Na.<o:p></o:p></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Best, Ian<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Ian Ward, DHSc, PA-C<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Assistant Professor<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Campbell University Physician Assistant Program<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="color:black">Mailing Address: P.O. Box 1090, Buies Creek, NC 27506<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="color:black">Physical Address: 4150 U.S. 421 S., Lillington, NC 27546<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Office Phone: 910-814-5532<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Email: <a href="mailto:iward@campbell.edu">iward@campbell.edu</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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